Emergency department visits by pediatric patients sustained as a passenger on a motorcycle

Objective: Currently only 5 out of the 50 states in the United States have laws restricting the age of passengers permitted to ride on a motorcycle. This study sought to characterize the visits by patients under the age of 16 to U.S. emergency departments (EDs) for injuries sustained as a passenger on a motorcycle.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data were obtained from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for the years 2006 to 2011. Pediatric patients who were passengers on a motorcycle that was involved in a crash were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) External Cause of Injury codes. We also examined gender, age, disposition, regional differences, common injuries, and charges.

Results: Between 2006 and 2011 there were an estimated 9,689 visits to U.S. EDs by patients under the age of 16 who were passengers on a motorcycle involved in a crash. The overall average patient age was 9.4 years, and they were predominately male (54.5%). The majority (85%) of these patients were treated and released. The average charges for discharged patients were $2,116.50 and amounted to roughly $17,500,000 during the 6 years. The average cost for admission was $51,446 per patient and totaled over $54 million. The most common primary injuries included superficial contusions; sprains and strains; upper limb fractures; open wounds of head, neck, and trunk; and intracranial injuries.

Conclusion: Although there were only about 9,700 visits to U.S. EDs for motorcycle crashes involving passengers less than 16 years old for 2006 to 2011, the total cost of visits that resulted in either ED discharge or hospital admission amounted to over $71 million.     

The effects of the Fukushima disaster on nuclear energy debates and policies: a two-step comparative examination

Under what conditions do critical events trigger large-scale public discussion and mobilisation, and can these lead to policy change? In a comparative study of nuclear energy policy after the Japanese Fukushima disaster in March 2011, a theory-development approach is adopted, mobilising data collected from national news agencies’ newswires, public surveys, legislation and parliamentary databases, and newspaper editorials in 12 established democracies between March 2011 and March 2013. The analysis suggests two main hypotheses that can guide future research: critical events are more likely to trigger policy change when intense (contentious) mobilisation from policy challengers aligns with the views of the general public, and is backed by major political allies; and critical events are more likely to trigger intense (contentious) mobilisation when policy challengers articulate their opposition around pre-existing policy debates on the issue and resort to pre-existing organisational and mobilisation resources.     

警用头盔的人机工程学分析

警用头盔是武警部队使用最为频繁的单兵防护用具，本文基于人机工程学的理论，用人机工程学的观点对武警部队现装备的警用头盔进行分析和探讨，提出解决途径的设想，展望警用头盔的发展前景。     

O3-BAC深度处理工艺中细菌群落时空分布及动态变化规律

为弄清饮用水O₃-BAC深度处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,本研究以我国南方某O₃-BAC深度处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用NovaSeq6000高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季各工艺单元出水及滤砂和活性炭生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH、浊度、COD_Mn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）的要求.夏季细菌群落多样性明显高于冬季,活性炭生物膜的细菌群落多样性高于滤砂生物膜;混凝沉淀、臭氧化和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性的主要工艺单元.水样和生物膜样品绝对优势菌门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,且主要菌门组成大体相同,但细菌群落门水平相对丰度存在一定的时空差异,属水平上差异则更为明显.此外,检测到的条件致病菌属主要包括芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）,且其所占核心微生物OTUs数目不受季节性影响.水温和生物可降解溶解性有机碳（BDOC）是显著影响细菌群落分布的主要水质参数.以上研究结果表明,O₃-BAC深度处理工艺过程中细菌群落具有时空变化特性,并可为饮用水微生物安全保障提供支撑.     

基于AIS轨迹修复的船舶排放空间表征改进方法与应用

基于船舶自动识别系统（Automatic Identification System,AIS）数据表征船舶排放是目前船舶排放空间表征的主流方法,但AIS船舶轨迹点缺失会造成船舶排放量低估和船舶空间分布表征错误,进而影响船舶排放控制区的划分.为改进船舶排放空间表征,本研究以2013年广东省AIS船舶数据为例,采用基于时间和经纬度的三次样条方法对AIS船舶轨迹进行修复,结合动力法计算船舶排放,分析对比AIS轨迹修复前后船舶排放表征的差异,并利用空气质量模型和卫星观测评估AIS轨迹修复对船舶排放表征和广东沿海空气质量模拟的改进效果.结果表明：轨迹修复后广东省海域船舶轨迹点总数由4685773个增至5746664个,船舶NO_x排放量增加了0.6%.对于轨迹点与排放缺失集中的粤东海域,轨迹修复后船舶轨迹点数增加了88%,NO_x排放量在广东省船舶排放量的占比提升至22%,特别是在粤东重点修复海域NO_x排放量增加了2.7倍.原始轨迹在广东省海域较为稀疏,在粤东海域有明显轨迹缺失;轨迹修复后广东省海域船舶轨迹更为密集,粤东海域船舶轨迹得以补充,船舶排放空间分布更连贯.对比模拟结果与卫星观测结果,轨迹修复后粤东重点修复海域船舶模拟浓度与观测浓度的偏差由51%减至6%,总体上船舶排放模拟结果更接近卫星观测结果.     

WK－1A型二氧化硫自动测定仪测定烟气中SO_2的方法研究

本文研究了仪器电导法测定烟气中ＳＯ２的监测方法，并与碘量法进行了比较，提出了吸收液测定的影响及吸收液的配制方法。本方法简单快速，能够满足烟气中ＳＯ２监测工作的要求。     

南昌市一次降水自动监测结果的综合分析

利用降水自动监测仪和空气自动监测系统的同步监测结果,分析了一次34 5mm连续降水中全过程的pH、EC和同期SO2、PM10、NO2的变化情况。降水中pH值为7 23～4 08、EC为488 8～7 6μS cm,pH、EC在降水初期变化较大。pH与EC、SO2呈现负相关趋势,降水过程中PM10、NO2基本保持较低水平,SO2变化较大。     

乌鲁木齐市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)与总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的相关性规律浅析

通过对乌鲁木齐市的PM10和TSP数据的对比分析，找出PM10在TSP中所占比率（分担率）在采暖季和非采暖季的变化范围，从而使过去采集的TSP数据与PM10数据有一定的可比性，保证监测数据的连续可比。     

"一控双达标"验收监测中存在的局限性及需采取的措施

文章就此次"一控双达标"验收监测中所反映的一些问题,提出一些观点和建议,为今后达标验收监测及环境管理提供对策.